Distributed measurement systems

In many enterprises, where objects and devices are located at considerable distances from each other, it is appropriate or even necessary to install distributed measurement systems or distributed measurement and control systems. The description of these systems is the content of this book.

It presents:
- configuration and components of distributed systems
measurement
- sensors: temperature, fluid flow rates, stresses
mechanical pressure
- new wireless communication technologies for systems
Measuring: WiFi, Bluetooth, ZigBee
- use of LAN computer networks
- use of power grids PLC
for distributed measuring systems.

Table of Contents:
Foreword 9

1. Introduction 11
1.1. Interface system 11
1.2. Configuration and structure of the measurement system 16
1.3. Accuracy of measurement and dynamics of systems
measuring 20
1.3.1. Accuracy of measurement in 20 systems
1.3.2. Dynamics of measurement systems 22
1.4 Protection of the measuring system against interference 26
1.4.1. Interferences occurring inside devices
measuring 26
1.4.2. Interferences in the measuring line 31
Literature 35

2. Components of measurement systems 36
2.1. Structure of the measuring system 36
2.2. Digital-to-analogue and analogue-digital converters 37
2.2.1. Sampling 37
2.2.2. Quantization 40
2.2.3. Digital-to-analog converters 42
2.2.4. Analog-to-digital converters 50
2.3. Digital measuring instruments 58
2.3.1. Measuring instruments in the interface systems 58
2.3.2. Digital multimeter 59
2.3.3. Digital oscilloscope 61
2.3.4. Digital generator 62
2.4. Computer measuring cards and virtual instruments 63
2.4.1. Computer measuring cards 63
2.4.2. Virtual measuring instruments 70
Literature 73

3. Measurement sensors and signal conditioners
in distributed systems 74
3.1. Sensors and conditioners in the measuring track 74
3.2. Temperature sensors 75
3.2.1. Platinum resistive sensors 75
3.2.2. Thermoelemnts 77
3.2.3. Semiconductor temperature sensors 81
3.2.4. Conditioners for temperature sensors 84
3.3. Sensors of mechanical stress and pressure 87
3.3.1. Physical quantities and units 87
3.3.2. Resistance gauges 88
3.3.3. Capacitive pressure sensors 91
3.3.4. Piezoelectric pressure sensors 92
3.3.5. Semiconductor pressure sensors 93
3.3.6. Conditioners for stress and pressure sensors 95
3.4. Fluid flow sensors 97
3.4.1. Electromagnetic flowmeters 97
3.4.2. Ultrasound flowmeters 99
3.4.3. Impeller flow counters 101
3.5. Voltage and current amplifiers for conditioning
signals 101
3.5.1. Voltage and current amplifiers 101
3.5.2. Measurement amplifiers and voltage conditioners 102
Literature 107

4. Computers in the measuring system 108
4.1. Computer in the measuring system 108
4.2. Computer architecture 109
4.2.1. Motherboard 109
4.2.2. Busses and parallel buses on the computer 111
4.3. Universal serial bus USB and bus
IEEE-1394 114
4.3.1. Universal serial bus USB 114
4.3.2. Serial bus EEE-1394 119
Literature 120

5. Measurement interfaces 122
5.1. Measurement interfaces and general interfaces
destination 122
5.2. Serial interface system RS-232C 123
5.2.1. General information 123
5.2.2. Transmission in the RS-232C interface system 124
5.2.3. RS-232C interface bus 127
5.2.4. Measuring system of serial zero modem
the RS-232C interface 129
5.3. Other serial interfaces 132
5.3.1. Standard serial interface RS-449 and RS-530 132
5.3.2. RS-485 and RS-422A standards for interface circuits
serial 134
5.3.3. Comparison of RS serial interface standards 136
5.4. IEEE-488 parallel interface (IEC-625) 139
5.4.1. Parallel interfaces 139
5.4.2. Purpose and basic interface parameters
IEEE-488 139
5.4.3. Bus and IEEE-488 interface cables 144
5.4.4. Interface functions of devices in the IEEE-488 system 147
5.4.5. Interface messages in the IEEE-488 system and theirs
transmission 150
5.4.6. Improvement of the measurement system parameters
with IEEE-488 interface 157
5.4.7. Distributed measuring system with interface
IEEE-488 159
5.5. Cassette and modular measurement systems 161
5.5.1. Cassette, modular and other systems 161
5.5.2. The VXI 163 measuring system
5.5.3. Modular measuring system PXI 168
Literature 172

6. Measurement systems with data transmission in the telephone network
wired 173
6.1. Wired networks for digital data transmission 173
6.2. Data transmission systems in the RS-232C interface 174
6.2.1. Organization of serial transmission 174
6.2.2. RS-232C interface bus 178
6.2.3. Measuring system with RS-232C interface
and modem 180
6.3. Standard serial interface RS-449 and RS-530 187
6.4. Programs for controlling data transmission
in the distributed measuring system 189
Literature 193

7. Distributed wired measurement systems 195
7.1. CAN 195 interface system
7.1.1. General data of the CAN 195 interface
7.1.2. Master of Science and Literature, 1986
7.1.3. Messages in the CAN 197 interface
7.1.4. The structure of the CAN 200 module
7.2. PROFIBUS 201 interface system
7.2.1. Characteristics of the PROFIBUS 201 system
7.2.2. PROFIBUS-DP 204 protocol
7.3. FieldPoint 205 modular system
7.3.1. The concept of the FieldPoint 205 system
7.3.2. FieldPoint and Compact system modules
FieldPoint 206
7.4. Intelligent sensors and measurement systems 209
7.4.1. The structure of intelligent sensors 209
7.4.2. MicroLAN 210 interface system
7.5. Transmission of measurement data in the network
power 213
7.5.1. PLC 213 signals and modems
7.5.2. Communication protocols for PLC 215
7.5.3. System for collecting data from energy meters
electricity 217
Literature 218

8. Measurement systems in the telecommunications network
mobile 219
8.1. Wireless transmission of measurement data 219
8.2. Measurement systems with data transmission over the network
GSM 220 mobile telephony
8.2.1. Mobile network GSM 220
8.2.2. Mobile phones 223
8.2.3. Digital data transmission services 226
8.2.4. AT 233 orders
8.2.5. Distributed measurement system in GSM network 237
8.3. Universal mobile telecommunications system UMTS 243
8.3.1. Data transmission in the UMTS 243 system
8.3.2. Location of the mobile station in the UMTS 247 system
Literature 249

9. Measuring systems with radio link 251
9.1. Radiomodems 251
9.1.1. Radio channels and modems 251
9.1.2. Distributed measurement systems
with radio modems 255
9.1.3. Comparison of properties of distributed systems
measurement with radio transmission 257
9.2. Radio interfaces of high frequency with short
range 258
9.2.1. Bluetooth 258 wireless interface
9.2.2. Radio interface IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) 265
9.2.3. Radio interface HomeRF 272
9.2.4. Comparison of radio transmission systems
short range 273
9.3. Satellite position systems 274
9.3.1. Global positioning system GPS 274
9.3.2. Positional systems GLONASS and Galileo 279
Literature 281

10. Measurement systems in a computer network 282
10.1. Standards for LAN 282 local area networks
10.2. Ethernet 285 network
10.3. Transmission protocol in Ethernet 289
10.3.1. A stack of TCP / IP transmission protocols 289
10.3.2. Transmission frame for Ethernet 291
10.4. Wireless computer network IEEE 802.11 292
10.4.1. Configuration of wireless computer network 292
10.4.2. Data link and physical layer of the IEEE 802.11 network 294
10.5. LAN 296 measurement system
10.5.1. Measurement systems in Ethernet with converters
296 interfaces
10.5.2. Measurement system with LAN as a bus
interface 298
10.6. Measurement systems on the Internet 302
10.7. Comparison of interface systems: LAN and IEEE-488 306
Literature 306

11. Programming of measurement systems 308
11.1. 308 programming languages
11.2. The language of Lab VIEW 309
11.2.1. Functions and control instructions in LabVIEW 309
11.2.2. Creating a program in LabVIEW 312
11.2.3. Programming of measuring systems
in LAN 313
11.3. TestPoint 315 language
Literature 317
List of major abbreviations and acronyms 318
Index 322