Protection automation in electric power systems wyd.2

The material presented in the book contains the whole knowledge about security automation used both in the case of individual elements and complex systems of the power system. In addition to basic information about disturbance phenomena and the main criteria for their detection, the classic analogue technique is presented, and more importantly - modern digital technology that is more and more commonly implemented in practice. The subjects related to disturbance recording and the automatic location of the fault location in the power lines have not been omitted.

The book is intended for both electrical engineers involved in the design and operation of electrical protection systems, as well as for students of electrical faculties of technical colleges.

Table of Contents

 

Preface

List of important markings

List of the most important graphic symbols

l. Introduction
1.1. The role of protection automation in the power system
1.2. The zones of operation of the elimination protection automation systems
1.3. Requirements for the elimination protection automation
1.4. Overview of disturbances covered by the protection automation
1.4.1. General assumptions
1.4.2. High-voltage short circuits
1.4.3. Short-circuit earth faults
1.4.4. Part-time work
1.4.5. Winding shortages in rotating machines and transformers
1.4.6. Thermal overload
1.4.7. System failures
1.4.8. Other types of interference
The general structure of protection automation

2. Collection and pre-processing of signals
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Current and voltage signals
2.2.1. General news
2.2.2. Transient currents with high-current short-circuits
2.2.3. Transient currents with short-circuit currents
2.3. Current transformers
2 .3.1. Current transformers conventional
2.3.2. Unconventional current transformers
2.3.3. Current transformer connection systems
2.3.4. Selection of current transformers
2.3.5. Current zero current filters
2.4. Voltage transformers
2.4.1. Inductive voltage transformers
2.4.2. Capacitive voltage transformers
2.4.3. Unconventional voltage transformers
2.5. Interferences in secondary measuring circuits
2.6. Other sensors
2.6.1. Temperature sensors
2.6.2. Optical sensors
2.6.3. Sensors of the magnetic field

3. Signal transmission
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Technical implementation of telecommunications connections for security automation
3.2.1. Wired connections
3.2.2. High frequency links
3.2.3. Fiber optic links
3.2.4. Radio links

4. Signal processing in relays and automation units
protection systems
4.1. Analog technique
4.1.1. The general structure of the signal processing circuit
4.1.2. Input systems
4.1.3. Preparatory systems
4.1.4. Comparators
4.1.5. Decision systems
4.1.6. Output systems
4.1.7. Two-state input systems
4.1.8. Auxiliary power systems
4.1.9. Relays and protection automation units
4.2. Digital technology
4.2.1. Introductory information
4.2.2. Discretization of analog signals
4.2.3. Initial digital processing
4.2.4. Digital measurements of criterion values
4.2.5. Application of fuzzy measurements

5. Additional functions related to security automation
5.1. Disturbance recording
5.1.1. The importance of disturbance recording
5.1.2. Disturbance recording using a standalone device
5.1.3. Registration of disturbances in the safety device
5.1.4. Cooperation of disturbance recording devices
5.1.5. Software for recording disturbances
5.2. Location of short-circuit in power lines
5.2.1. Sources of errors in the location process
5.2.2. Eliminating errors caused by the transition resistance
5.2.3. Eliminating errors caused by coupling to a parallel path
5.2.4. Eliminating errors caused by a complex line configuration
5.2.5. Compensation of the impact of line capacity
5.2.6. Wave fault locators

6. Main protection criteria and their practical application
6.1. Overcurrent criterion
6.1.1. Overcurrent criterion as the basis for detecting high-current short circuits
6.1.2. Overcurrent criterion as the basis for detecting thermal overloads
6.1.3. Overcurrent criterion as the basis for detecting ground faults
małoprądowych
6.2. Over- and undervoltage criterion
6.2.1. The overvoltage criterion
6.2.2. Undervoltage criterion
6.3. Residual current criterion
6.3.1. The scope of application of the criterion
6.3.2. The general principle of measuring the differential current
6.3.3. Stabilization of residual current devices
6.4. Angular current criterion
6.4.1. The scope of application of the arc-current criterion
6.4.3. Use of an arc-current criterion for selective detection of short-circuits
value determination
6.4.3. The use of the arc-current criterion for selective detection of short circuits
małoprądowych
6.4.4. Changing the direction of active power flow as a criterion for detecting work
motor synchronous generators
6.5. Criteria underimpedance
6.5.1. Impedance change as a criterion for the occurrence of high-current short circuits
6.5.2. The principle of selecting voltages and currents that ensure correct impedance measurement
6.5.3. Technical implementation of impedance measurement in distance transmitters

7. Decision making in a security automation
7.1. Introductory information
7.2. Applying a delay
7.3. Multiple security
7.4. Adaptive systems
7.4.1. The role of adaptive systems
7.4.2. Deterministic models and bivalent logic
7.4.3. Algorithms based on fuzzy signals and fuzzy logic
7.4.4. Multi-criteria algorithms
7.4.5. Application of artificial neural networks

8. Protection of electric power lines
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Protection automation for detecting high-current faults
8.2.1. Overcurrent protection
8.2.2. Distance protection without connection
8.2.3. Long distance protection cooperation via telecommunications lines 8.2.4. Longitudinal comparative safety devices
8.2.5. Comparative Phase Protection
8.2.6. Zero directional current protection
8.2.7. Directional check protection using non-stationary signals
Measuring
8.3. Protection automation for detecting and locating earth faults
małoprądowych
8.3.1. Protections responding to fixed waveforms of measured quantities
8.3.2. Protections that react to transient waveforms of measured quantities
8.4. Protection of power lines against overloads
8.5. Automatic restarting (SPZ)
8.5.1. Basic information
8.5.2. Automatic reclosing in networks with a directly grounded neutral point
8.5.3. Automation of SPZ in MV distribution networks
8.5.4. Phase switches for cooperation with SPZ automation

9. Protective automation of transformers and autotransformers
9.1. Disturbances in the work of transformers and autotransformers
9.1.1. Transformers malfunction
9.1.2. Types of disturbances in transformer operation
9.2. Requirements for transformer protection
9.3. Longitudinal differentials of transformers
9.4. Overcurrent protection of transformers
9.5. Distance protection of transformers
9.6. Gas-flow protection
9.7. Transformers overload protection
9.8. Protection against excessive flow in the transformer core

l 0. Protection busbar busbar
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Collision residual current protection of busbars
10.2.1. Non-impedance residual current devices
10.2.2. Big impedance differential protection
10.3. Two-way busbar protection
10.3.1. Analog security
10.3.2. Digital security
10.4. Simplified protection of busbars of MV distribution networks
10.5. Local reservation of circuit breakers

11. Protection automatics of generators
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Protections against ground faults in the stator winding
11.2.1. Causes and effects of ground faults
11.2.2. Earth-fault protection of the stator of operating generators
b indirectly on busbars
11.2.3. Earth fault protection of generators operating in systems
piston
11.3. Protection against phase-to-phase faults in the stator winding
11.3.1. General news
11.3.2. Differential current protection
11.3.3. Overcurrent protection with voltage block
11.3.4. Underimpedance protection
11.4. Protections against short-circuit faults in the stator winding
11.5. Protection against short circuits in the rotor and excitation circuit
11.6. Overvoltage protection
11.7. Protection against loss of excitation
11.8. Current asymmetry protection
11.9. Protection against thermal overloads
11.10. Under- and over-frequency protection
11.11. Protection against turbogenerator engine operation
11.12. The general principle of selecting generators' safeguards

l2. Block protection automation generator-transformer
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Protection against high-current short-circuits
12.2.1. Types of security
12.2.2. Residual current devices
12.2.3. Subimpedance security
12.3. Protection against loss of synchronism
12.4. Protection against overexcitation
12.5. Protection against accidental connection of the turbine set to the system
power
12.6. Protection against excessive torque on the shaft of the turbine set
12.7. Guidelines for the selection of protection automation for generator-transformer blocks
12.8. Distribution of output signals from protection automation units

13. Protection of electric motors
13.1. Introduction
13.2 Disturbances in the operation of engines
13.3. Protections of induction motors
13.3.1. Short-circuit protection
13.3.2. Overload and back-up protection
1 3.4. The specificity of synchronous motor protections
13.5. Integrated motor protections

14. Emergency and after-failure automation
14.1. Introductory information
14.2. Counteracting static loss
14.3. Counteracting temporary loss
14.4. Slitting systems
14.5. Counteracting voltage instability
14.5.1. Conditions for voltage instability
14.5.2. Undervoltage relief
14.5.3. Counteracting excessive increase of voltage levels
14.6. Counteracting frequency breakdown
14.7. Prevention of thermal overload
14.8. Restoration failure in the power system
14.8.1. Introduction
14.8.2. Automatic switching on of the reserve (SZR)
14.8.3. Restitution of the station and system

15. The future of power automation
15.1. New tasks and resources
15.2. Area sampling synchronization
15.3. Integration of control systems
15.4. Changes in security automation /

Literature
Index