Welding

The book contains knowledge in the field of welding in the scope compliant with the requirements of revised welding programs at technical universities.
The author presents in a systematic way the basic issues of welding, namely: thermal processes, welding, welding, soldering, metallurgy, weldability of materials, stresses and deformations, design principles and strength of joints, welding methods of coating, thermal cutting and quality control.
What deserves attention is the form and sequence of presentation of welding processes and methods proper from the didactic point of view. The author gives a definition of a phenomenon or process, explains them, characterizes devices, techniques and parameters, and finally discusses the scope and fields of application.
Scientific and Technical Publishers recommend this book primarily to students of mechanical engineering faculties who have in the study program the subject of welding, and students of other majors, such as industrial construction, energy, construction of process chemical equipment, who study the design and manufacture of welded structures. Due to the possibility of finding a lot of valuable information, remarks and practical tips, it can also be useful for welders working in the metal industry and steel construction, energy and transport industries.

Table of Contents

1. WELDING CHEMICAL PROCESSES

1.1. Types and properties of welding heat sources
l .2. Welding electric arc
1.3. Power sources for arc welding
1.4. Heat flow in the welded material
1.4.1. Models of bodies and heat sources
1.4.2. Heat welding cycles
1.4.3. Characteristic size of the thermal cycle of welding

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF WELDING PROCESSES

2.1. General division of welding processes
2.2. Characteristics and division of welding methods
2.3. Welding positions
2.4. Gas welding
2.5. Acetylene-oxygen welding
2.6. Arc welding with coated electrodes
2.7. Submerged arc welding
2.8. Arc welding with a tungsten electrode in a gas shield (TIG)
2.9. Arc welding with a consumable electrode in a gas shield (MAG and MIG)
2.10. Arc welding with powder core
2.11. Electro gas welding
2.12. Electroslag welding
2.13. Plasma welding
2.14. Electron beam welding
2.1'5. Laser welding

3. ADDITIONAL MATERIALS FOR WELDING

3.1. Binders for welding and surfacing
3.1.1. Electrodes wrapped
3.1.2. Solid continuous electrode wires
3.1.3. Electrode wires with powder core
3.1.4. Welding and welding wires and rods
3.2. Welding fluxes
3.3. Welding shielding gases
3.4. Classification of shielding gases for arc welding and cutting
3.5. Welding flammable gases

4. METALURGY OF WELDING PROCESSES

4.1. Gas dissociation
4.2. Oxidation of metals during welding
4.3. Deoxidation (reduction of oxides)
4.4. The role of nitrogen in the welding process
4.5. The role of hydrogen in the welding process
4.6. The role of slags in the welding process
4.7. Flue desulphurization
4.8. Metal dephosphication
4.9. Introduction of alloying components to the weld metal

5. STRUCTURE OF WELDED JOINTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

TECHNOLOGICAL

5.1. Weld crystallization
5.2. Microstructure and properties of the welded joint
5.2.1. Native material
5.2.2. Heat affected zone
5.2.3. Joint
5.3. Aging of welded joints
5.4. Cracking of welded joints
5.4.1. Hot (crystallization) cracking of welds
5.4.2. Cold cracking (hydrogen)
5.4.3. Annealing cracking
5.4.4. Separation cracking (lamellar)
5.5. Thermal treatments during welding

6. WELDING CONNECTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

6.1. Characteristics (constructional) of joints and welds
6.2. Welding stress
6.2.1. Mechanism of thermal stress formation
6.2.2. Typical distributions of welding stresses
6.2.3. Effect of welding stresses on the operation of the structure
6.2.4. Relieving welded structures
6.3. Welding deformation
6.4. Performance properties of welded joints
6.4.1. Fragile cracking
6.4.2. Static strength of welded joints
6.4.3. Fatigue fracture and fatigue strength of welded joints
6.4.4. Corrosion of welded joints

7. WELDING AND TECHNOLOGY OF WELDING METALS AND ALLOYS

7.1. Weldability of metals and alloys
7.2. Influence of elements on the weldability of steel
7.3. Ways to assess the weldability of steel
7.4. Welding of unalloyed (low carbon) steel
7.5. Welding of carbon-manganese construction steels
7.6. Welding of fine-grained steel
7.7. Welding of steel used on machine parts
7.8. Welding low-alloy steel for low-temperature operation
7.9. Welding of steel for work at elevated temperatures
7.10. Welding of steel that is difficult to rust
7.11. Weldability and welding of high-alloy stainless steels
7.11.1. Structure and properties of stainless steels
7.11.2. Welding of chrome ferritic steels
7.11.3. Welding of martensitic chrome steels
7.11.4. Welding of austenitic chromium-nickel steels
7.11.5. Welding of chrome-nickel steels with soft martensite
7.11.6. Welding of austenitic-ferritic steel (duplex)
7.12. Welding of cast iron
7.13. Welding of aluminum and its alloys
7.14. Welding of magnesium and its alloys
7.15. Welding of copper and its alloys
7.16. Welding of nickel and its alloys
7.17. Welding of titanium and its alloys

8. WELDING PROCESSES

8.1. Characteristics and classification of welding processes
8.2. Resistance welding - general rule
8.3. Resistance welding butt welding
8.3.1. Short-circuit resistive welding
8.3.2. Resistive welding
8.4. Spot resistance welding
8.5. Resistive hump welding
8.6. Linear resistance welding
8.7. Welding with a rotating arc
8.8. Resistance welding with high frequency current
8.9. Ultrasonic welding
8.10. Diffusion welding
8.11. Friction welding
8.12. Explosive welding
8.13. Cold rolling

9. SOLDERING

9.1. Characteristics of the process
9.2. Physical soldering base
9.3. February
9.4. Fluxes and controlled atmosphere for soldering
9.5. Heat sources for soldering and soldering methods
9.6. Shaping connections and their properties
9.7. Preparation of the soldering part
9.8. Soldering of selected materials

10. WELDING APPLICATION PROCESSES

10.1. Characteristics of processes
10.2. Additional materials for applying coatings
10.3. Welding methods
10.4. Spraying characteristics
10.5. Coating spraying methods

11. THERMAL CUTTING

1.1. Introductory remarks
1.2. Oxygen cutting
1.3. Plasma cutting
1.4. Laser cutting
1.5. Arc cutting
1.6. Water jet cutting

12. QUALITY CONTROL IN WELDING

12.1. Welding inconsistencies, quality levels and acceptance levels
12.2. Non-destructive testing of welded joints
12.2.1. Visual tests (VT)
12.2.2. Penetration testing (PT)
12.2.3. Magnetic particle testing (MT)
12.2.4. Radiological tests (RT)
12.2.5. Ultrasonic testing (UT)
12.2.6. Leak testing (LT)
12.2.7. Eddy current testing (ET)
12.3. Destructive tests of welded joints
12.3.1. Mechanical tests
12.3.2. Metallographic examinations

LITERATURE
LIST OF STANDARDS
INDEX