Propagation of radio waves in wireless telecommunications

The book is devoted to the discussion of the methods of analysis of the propagation properties of electromagnetic waves and the methodology for the evaluation and calculation of radio wave attenuation in various propagation environments. The work includes appropriate ITU-R recommendations referring to particular issues, which are of great utility in the design of modern radiocommunication systems.
Recipients of the book: research workers, engineers and students of electronics and telecommunications.

"Propagation of radio waves in wireless telecommunications"
Propagation conditions are an important factor limiting the transmission capabilities of wireless telecommunications systems.
This book contains a discussion of these conditions for a broad class of propagation environments, including in particular propagation suppression modeling in built-up and indoor areas, including for the first time on the domestic publishing market for marine, underwater and airborne communication systems.
The author also included in it the results of own research and relevant ITU-R recommendations, which should be taken into account when designing wireless systems. Communications and Communications Publishers recommend this book especially to wireless telecommunications systems designers.

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Table of Contents:
List of important designations and abbreviations 9
From the author 15
Chapter 1. Introduction 19
1.1. Propagation of the radio wave in an ideal dielectric environment 20
1.2. Polarization of radio waves 21
1.3. Free propagation space 24
1.4. Effective propagation space - the first Fresnel zone 27
1.5. Radiocommunication equation - energy balance of a radio link 29
1.6. Actual propagation environments, types of radio waves 31
1.7. Split radio waves into 32 ranges
Literature 34
Chapter 2. Ground wave 35
2.1. Earth's propagating ground 35
2.2. Reflection and penetration of the radio wave into a semi-conductive substrate 38
2.3. Propagation of the ground wave above the ground 41
2.3.1. Influence of substrate on surface wave propagation 42
2.3.2. Surface wave from a vertical mast antenna 45
2.3.2.1. Dependence Szulejkina-van der Pola 46
2.3.2.2. Coefficient of weakness 47
2.3.2.3. Burrows charts 48
2.3.2.4. Theoretical surface wave propagation curves 49
2.3.3. Taking into account the sphericity of the ground 51
2.3.4. Ground unevenness criterion 52
2.4. Spatial wave 53
2.4.1. The case of aerials raised above the ground 53
2.4.2. The Viennese Model 55
Literature 56
Chapter 3. Propagation phenomena in the troposphere and ionosphere 57
3.1. Tropospheric phenomena 57
3.1.1. Refraction of the tropospheric radio wave 57
3.1.1.1. Radio wave trajectory 58
3.1.1.2. Replacement ray of the globe 59
3.1.1.3. Classification of tropospheric refraction 61
3.1.2. The phenomenon of tropospheric scattering 64
3.1.3. Tropospheric suppression 67
3.1.3.1. Rain suppression 67
3.1.3.2. Attenuation of clouds and mists 70
3.1.3.3. Attenuation in atmospheric gases 71
3.2. Ionospheric phenomena 72
3.2.1. Structure and properties of the ionosphere 72
3.2.2. Ionospheric refraction 75
3.2.2.1. The ionospheric refraction coefficient and the critical frequency 75
3.2.2.2. The secansa law and maximum rebound frequency 78
3.2.2.3. The use of ionospheric wave in long-range radio communication 80
3.2.3. Ionospheric attenuation 81
3.2.4. Faraday and Doppler effect 82
Literature 84
Chapter 4. Statistical approach to propagation problems in the open area 85
4.1. Space-time distribution of radio wave field intensity 85
4.2. Useful and disruptive field 88
4.3. Statistical curves of radio wave propagation 90
4.3.1. General description 90
4.3.2. Taking into account real substitute power 93
4.3.3. Taking into account the frequency of the radio signal 94
4.3.4. Consideration of the suspension antenna height 94
4.3.5. Consideration of the suspension antenna height 95
4.3.6. Short propagation routes 95
4.3.7. Influence of terrain - ground clearance angle 96
4.3.8. Spatial distribution 98
4.3.9. Taking into account the effect of tropospheric refraction 98
4.3.10. Conversion of electric field intensity to propagation damping 99
Literature 99
Chapter 5. Modeling of propagation damping in built-up areas 101
5.1. Propagation conditions in mobile systems 102
5.1.1. General characteristics 102
5.1.2. Conditions LOS 104
5.1.2.1. Model COST 231 Walfisha-Ikegami 104
5.1.2.2. Model ITU-R P.1411 105
5.1.3. Conditions NLOS 106
5.1.3.1. Model Okumury-Haty 107
5.1.3.2. Model COST 231 Hats 108
5.1.3.3. Model Delisle-Egli 109
5.1.3.4. Model COST 231 Walfisha-Ikegami 109
5.2. Propagation conditions in fixed systems 113
5.2.1. Determination of propagation suppression according to ITU-R 113 recommendations
5.2.1.1. General description 113
5.2.1.2. Statistical approach 114
5.2.2. A multi-variant empirical model [5.14] 117
5.2.2.1. Introduction to the 117 model
5.2.2.2. Main propagation factors 118
5.2.2.3. Model description 121
5.2.3. Proportional attenuation in the conditions of the container terminal [5.16] 123
Literature 124
Chapter 6. Statistical description of the phenomenon of disappearance 127
6.1. Basic description 128
6.2. Broadband channel profiles 130
6.2.1. Amplitude profile 131
6.2.2. Power profile 133
6.2.3. Angled profile 136
6.2.4. Determination of propagation damping 139
Literature 140
Chapter 7. Modeling propagation damping in an indoor environment 141
7.1. Propagation characteristics of the indoor environment 142
7.2. The basic propagation model recommended by ITU-R 145
7.3. Multi-path model 147
7.4. Other empirical models 148
7.4.1. The one- path model ( 1SM ) 148
7.4.2. Linear model ( LAM ) 149
7.4.3. Motley-Keenan 150
7.4.4. Polyhedral model ( MWM ) 150
7.5. Deterministic modeling of radio wave distribution in indoor space 151
7.6. The penetration of radio waves into the interior of the building 152
Literature 153
Chapter 8. Propagation conditions in radio lines 155
8.1. Basic characterization of the propagating environment 155
8.2. Impact of major propagating factors 156
8.2.1. Signal attenuation in the free space 156
8.2.2. Transparency of the propagation route 157
8.2.3. Attenuation in rain and atmospheric gases 160
8.2.4. Attenuation in fog and clouds 163
8.2.5. Multiple propagation problem 164
Literature 165
Chapter 9. Propagation conditions in satellite systems 167
9.1. Initial propagation characteristics of satellite systems 168
9.2. The main component of propagation suppression on the satellite link 170
9.3. Propagation conditions in the troposphere 171
9.4. Propagation conditions in the upper atmosphere 174
9.5. Propagation conditions specific to satellite mobile land communications 177
Literature 181
Chapter 10. Propagation conditions in maritime communication systems 183
10.1. Initial propagation characteristics of marine communication subsystems 184
10.2. Propagation of ultra-shortwave waves in sea area A1 185
10.2.1. General information 185
10.2.2. Determination of propagation suppression for the needs of mobile telephony by the sea 186
10.3. Propagation of intermediate waves in sea area A2 187
10.4. Propagation conditions in geostationary maritime satellite communications in regions A1, A2 and A3 188
10.5. Propagation conditions in short-range marine communication, in regions A3 and A4 189
10.6. Statistical description of the phenomenon of disappearance in marine radiocommunication 189
10.7. Propagation of radio waves in underwater communication 190
10.7.1. Ionospheric waveguide 192
10.7.2. The penetration of radio waves into the water environment 194
10.8. Propagation of the light wave in underwater communication 197
Literature 200
Chapter 11. Propagation conditions in airborne communication systems 203
11.1. Airborne radio systems 203
11.2. Characteristics of propagation conditions 204
11.2.1. Propagation of spatial wave 205
11.2.2. Statistical transmission loss curves 207
11.2.3. Determination of the S / I ratio 209
11.3. Transmission conditions in personal communication on the aircraft 210
Literature 211
Appendix 1. Multivariate regression analysis for radio wave propagation 213
D1.1. Basics of linear regression analysis with one independent variable 213
D1.2. Linear regression model with many independent variables - matrix representation 219
Literature 223
Appendix 2. The method of statistical evaluation of experimental research results 224
Literature 226
Index 227