Landmark Papers in Clinical Chemistry

This is the first major inventors and discoverers. Introductory comments by the editor.

Landmark Papers addresses:
* The origin of the pregnancy test available today in every drugstore
* The woman who invented a billion dollar technology, refused to patent and Nobel Prize
* The scientists who worked on the Government of WWII to find a substitute for the malaria drug quinine
* The blood test used to monitor the effectiveness of over 20 million patients
* The graduate student who was invented for HIV infection world-wide
* The invention of molecular diagnostics by Linus Pauling and the road to individualized medicine
* The development of the glucose meter was used for diabetics up to six times a day to monitor their metabolic control

* First book of this kind dedicated to clinical chemistry
* Thirty-nine articles that have shaped the field today
* A survey of the development of clinical chemistry in the 20th century

Preface
Section I IMMUNOASSAY TECHNOLOGY
RIA (Radioimmunoassay)
1. Yalow, RS, Berson, SA (1960: Assay of plasma insulin in man.
FPIA (Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay)
2. Dandliker, WB, Feigen, GA (1961): Quantification of the antigen-chemicals reaction of the polarization of fluorescence.
CPB (Competitive Protein Binding)
3. Murphy, BEP, Pattee, CJ (1964): Determination of thyroxine utilizing the property of protein-binding.
ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)
4. Engvall, E., Perlmann, P. (1972): Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA. III.
EMITä (Enzyme Immunoassay Technique)
5. Rubenstein, KE, Schneider, RS, Ullman, EF (1972): "Homogeneous" enzyme immunoassay.

Section II THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING (TDM)
bromide
6. Wuth, O. (1927): Rational bromide treatment.
Sulfonamides
7. Bratton, AC, Marshall, EK, Jr., (1939): A New Coupling Component for Sulfanilamide Determination.
Quinine and Quinidine
8. Brodie, BB, Udenfriend, S. (1943): The estimation of quinine in human plasma.
Digoxin
9. Smith, TW, Butler, VP, Haber, E. (1969): Determination of therapeutic and toxic serum digoxin concentrations by radioimmunoassay.
Theophylline
10. Thompson, RD, Nagasawa, HT, Jenne, JW (1974): Determination of theophylline and its metabolites in human urine and serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography.

Section III ENZYMOLOGY
ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase, EC 3.1.3.1))
11. Bessey, OA, Lowry, OH, Brock, MJ (1946): A method for the rapid determination of alkaline phosphatase with five cubic millimeters of serum.
AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1)
12. Karmen, A., Wroblewski, F., LaDue, JS (1955): Transaminase activity in human blood.
CK (Creatine Kinase, EC 2.7.3.2)
13. Mercer, DW (1974): Separation of tissue and serum creatine kinase isoenzymes by ion-exchange column chromatography.

Section IV SPECIFIC ANALYTES
Colorimetric Analysis with the Duboscq
14. Folin, O., Wu, H. (1919): A system of blood analysis.
Blood Gases by Manometer
15. Van Slyke, DD (1924): The determination of blood extraction and manometric measurement. AND.
Bilirubin, Total and Direct With the Filter Photometer
16. Malloy, HT, Evelyn, KA (1937): The determination of bilirubin with the photometric colorimeter.
Proteins by the Biuret Reaction
17. Gornall, AG, Bardawill, CJ, David, MM (1949): Determination of serum proteins by Biuret Reaction.
Methods for Pediatric and Neonatal Samples
18. Natelson, S. (1951): Routine use of ultramicro methods in the clinical laboratory.
Enzymatic Glucose
19. Huggett, AS, Nixon, DA (1957): Use of glucose oxidase, peroxidase, and o-dianisidine in the determination of blood and urinary glucose.
HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) by Immunoassay
20. Wide, L., Gemzell, CA (1960): An immunological pregnancy test.
Hemoglobin A1c
21. Rahbar, S. (1968): An Abnormal Hemoglobin in Red Cells of Diabetics.
LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol by Calculation
22. Friedewald, WT, Levy, RI, Fredrickson, DS (1972): Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge.

Section V INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNIQUES
Paper Electrophoresis
23. Durrum, EL (1950): A microelectrophoretic and microionophoretic technique.
Automated Analyzer
24. Skeggs, LT (1957): An automatic method for colorimetric analysis.
Enzymatic Glucose, Dry Reagents on Pads
25. Free, AH, Adams, EC, Kercher, ML, Free, HM, Cook, MH, (1957): Simple Specific Test for Urine Glucose.
Blood Gas Elelctrodes
26. Severinghaus, J., Bradley, AF (1958): Electrodes for blood pO2 and pCO2 determination.
Specific Ion Electrodes
27. Friedman, SM, Nakashima, M. (1961): Single sample analysis with the sodium electrode.
Centrifugal Analyzer
28. Anderson, NG (1969): Analytical techniques for cell fractions. XII. A multiple-cuvet rotor for a new microanalytical system.
Immunoassays on Membranes
29. Glad, C., Grubb, AO (1978): Immunocapillary migration- A new method for immunochemical quantitation.
Western Blots
30. Towbin, H., Stachelin, T., Gordon, J. (1979): Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: Procedure and some applications.
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)
31. Jorgenson, JW, Lukacs, K. DeA. (1981): Zone electrophoresis in open-tubular glass capillaries.

Section VI CHEMOMETRICS
Quality Control Charts
32. Levey, S., Jennings, ER (1950): The Use of Control Charts in the Clinical Laboratory.
Interferences in Analytical Accuracy
33. Caraway, W. (1962): Chemical and Diagnostic Specificity of Laboratory Tests.
Predictive Value Theory
34. Vecchio, TJ (1966): Predictive value of a single diagnostic test in unselected populations.
Standards and Calibrators
35. Radin, N. (1967): What is a standard?
Kits test
36. Barnett, RN, Cash, AD, Junghams, SP (1968): Performance of "kits" used for clinical chemical analysis of cholesterol.

Section VII MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS
Biochemical Genetics
37. Pauling, L., Itano, HA, Singer, SJ, Wells., IC (1949): Sickle cell anemia, a molecular disease.
Nucleic Acid Probes
38. Hyypia, T., Jalava, A., Larsen, SH, Terho, P., Hukkanene, V. (1985): Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in clinical specimens by nucleic acid spot hybridization.
microarrays
39. Maskos, U., Southern, EM (1992): Oligonucleotide hybridizations on glass supports: A novel linker for oligonucleotide synthesis and hybridization properties of oligonucleotide synthesized in situ.

Acknowledgments
Author Index
Subject Index