Microwave antennas. Technique and environment

ISBN 978-83-206-1665-1
Author: Roman Kubacki
Publisher: WKŁ

About the book

A monograph devoted to the theoretical foundations, construction and operation of microwave antennas taking into account the influence of electromagnetic radiation on the environment. Various types of microwave antennas have been described (including Hertz dipole, linear, horn, reflector, microstrip, sector, mobile phones), characteristic areas of radiation field and synthesis of radiation pattern, propagation of electromagnetic waves and legal protection of human health in electromagnetic fields, including among others national permissible values of the intensity of electromagnetic fields, protection against electromagnetic pulsed fields and protection of human health in electromagnetic fields in the European Union.
Recipients of the book: research workers and students of the faculties of electronics and telecommunications of technical universities, students of post-graduate studies about telecommunications and everyone interested in microwave antennas and their impact on the environment.

Table of Contents:
Introduction 9
List of symbols 13

1. Microwave antennas 15
1.1. Introduction 15
1.2. Elementary Hertz 15 dipole
1.2.1. General expressions for the field of elementary Hertz's dipole 15
1.2.2. Field close to the elementary Hertz 17 dipole
1.2.3. The zone of the distant Hertz 18 elementary dipole
1.3. Line antennas 20
1.3.1. Basic information 20
1.3.2. Half-wave antennas 20
1.3.3. Short antennas 22
1.4. Horn antennas 23
1.5. Reflector antennas 25
1.5.1. The specifics of the work of reflector antennas 25
1.5.2. Radar coverage 30
1.5.3. Radar radiation characteristics 32
1.5.4. Human exposure to radiation produced by radars 35
1.5.5. Antennas for radio lines 38
1.6. Microstrip antennas 40
1.7. Antenna systems 43
1.7.1. Description of the operation of antenna systems 43
1.7.2. Antenatal systems 47
1.7.3. Antenna bevel systems 48
1.7.4. Super-directionality in antenna systems 51
1.8. Sectoral antennas of mobile telephony 56
1.8.1. Mobile telecommunications systems 56
1.8.2. The specificity of radiation in GSM and DCS 57 systems
1.8.3. The specificity of radiation in the UMTS system 61
1.8.4. Power balance in the GSM system in rural areas and along roads 62
1.8.5. Specification of the elements of the delivery channel 65
1.8.6. Power balance in the GSM system in urban areas 66
1.8.7. Transmission configuration in the DCS 67 system
1.8.8. Transmission configuration in the UMTS 70 system
1.8.9. Configuration of base stations in closed rooms 73
1.8.10. Conditions of electromagnetic field measurements of sector antennas 75
1.9. Antennas for mobile phones (terminals) 79
1.9.1. Description of operation 79
1.9.2. Radiation generated by mobile phones 81

2. Characteristic areas of the radiation field 85
2.1. General remarks 85
2.2. Area afar 87
2.2.1. Introductory notes 87
2.2.2. Phase criterion of the far-off zone 88
2.2.3. The distant zone of popular microwave antennas 91
2.2.4. Distant zone and radiation characteristics of the antenna 92
2.3. Near field 95
2.3.1. General overview 95
2.3.2. Characteristics of the near field of the microwave antenna 96
2.4. Metrological conditions of the far zone 97
2.5. Transition area 98
2.6. Fresnel approximation area 100

3. Electromagnetic energy 102
3.1. Basic parameters of the electromagnetic field 102
3.2. Poynting's vector 103
3.2.1. Algebraic dependencies on the Poynting vector 103
3.2.2. Complex Poynting 105
3.2.3. Energy stream of elementary dipole 107

4. Vector potentials and aperture radiation field 112
4.1. General remarks 112
4.2. Application of electrodynamic potentials to determine the antenna field 113
4.3. Determination of the vector potential form 116
4.4. Virtual magnetic currents 117
4.5. Rectangular aperture box 118
4.6. Aperture field in the far zone 121
4.7. Definition of expressions for radiation characteristics 124
4.8. Expressions on the radiation field of selected antennas 127
4.8.1. Radiation field of the half wave antenna 127
4.8.2. Antenna field with excitation 128
4.8.3. Wave impedance around the line antenna 132

5. Synthesis of radiation pattern 134
5.1. General remarks 134
5.2. The conditions for the existence of the solution and its uniqueness in the problems of synthesis 135
5.3. Solving the problems of synthesis 138
5.3.1. The Fourier transform method 138
5.3.2. The method of elementary waves 140
5.4. Approximate methods of solving the problems of synthesis 143
5.4.1. General overview of the problem 143
5.4.2. The Woodward method 145
5.4.3. Application of the Woodward method for the synthesis of radiation characteristics 148
5.4.3.1. The case of sectoral characteristics 148
5.4.3.2. Case of kosekan characteristics 149
5.4.4. Practical calculations using the Woodward 150 method
5.4.4.1. Synthesis of antenna radiation pattern of mobile telephony 150
5.4.4.2. Synthesis of radar antenna radiation characteristics 153
5.4.5. Modifications of the Woodward method 155
5.4.5.1. Transfer of sample points. 155
5.4.5.2. Taking into account phase dependence of radiation characteristics 157
5.4.5.3. Consideration of sampling points in the potentially visible range 159
5.4.6. Synthesis of radiation characteristics using non-orthogonal waves 160
5.4.7. Reactive power characteristic in the calculation of characteristics synthesis 166

6. Propagation of electromagnetic waves 168
6.1. Introduction 168
6.2. Propagation in the free space from an isotropic source 170
6.3. Antenna field with directional gain 171
6.4. Reflection of the wave from the surface of the earth 174
6.4.1. General notes 174
6.4.2. Reflection of the wave at the border of the centers 174
6.4.3. The resultant field for horizontal polarization 176
6.4.4. The resultant field for vertical polarization 177
6.4.5. Simplified interference pattern 178
6.5. Propagation models 179
6.5.1. General notes 179
6.5.2. The specificity of propagation in urbanized areas 181
6.5.3. Path loss ratio 182
6.5.4. Propagation in the free space 182
6.5.5. The Vvedensky pattern 184
6.5.6. Model Okumury-Haty 186
6.5.7. Model Ikegami 189
6.5.8. Propagation model JTC 190
6.6. Radiation of aperture antennas 191
6.6.1. The principle of duality 191
6.6.2. Distribution of radiation on the basis of given fields on the aperture 193
6.6.3. Distribution of radiation based on given currents 199
6.6.3.1. General representation of the problem 199
6.6.3.2. Mathematical relations for vertical polarization 200
6.6.3.3. Conditions for the applicability of vector potentials 204
6.6.3.4. The electromagnetic field of the AVIA 206 radar antenna
6.6.3.5. Range of electrical field of the three-coordinate radar 208
6.6.3.6. Field of mobile sector antennas 211
6.6.3.7. The ranges of permissible values of the electric field intensity around cellular antennas 214
6.6.3.8. Optimal location of cellular antennas on the roofs of buildings 217
6.6.3.9. Areas of excessive interaction of DCS and UMTS 219 antennas
6.7. Metrological conditions of using power density meters near antennas 221
6.7.1. Presentation of the problem 221
6.7.2. Impedance of the electromagnetic field 222
6.7.3. Power density measurement errors in transient 223

7. Legal protection of human health in electromagnetic fields 226
7.1. Introduction 226
7.2. The influence of electromagnetic fields on biological objects 227
7.3. Thermal effect 228
7.4. Non-thermal effects 229
7.5. National permissible values of the intensity of electromagnetic fields 230
7.5.1. The concept of determining acceptable standards for electromagnetic fields in Poland 230
7.5.2. Protection of workers against electromagnetic fields 231
7.5.3. Protection of people and the environment against electromagnetic fields 236
7.6. Protection against electromagnetic pulsed polders 237
7.6.1. Characteristics of pulse-modulated electromagnetic fields 237
7.6.2. Biophysical conditions and limits of allowable field values in the impulse 239
7.7. Protection of human health in electromagnetic fields in the European Union 240
7.7.1. Introductory information 240
7.7.2. Protection of the general population in electromagnetic fields 242
7.7.3. Protection of workers in electromagnetic fields 244
7.7.4. Protection against impulse fields 249
7.8. Comparison of provisions for the protection of human health in electromagnetic fields in Poland and proposed by the European Union 251

Appendix 1. Characteristics of the antenna radiation and the characteristic plane 254
Appendix 2. Aerial power gain 259
Appendix 3. Equivalent isotropic radiated power 263
Appendix 4. Effective area and effective length of 265 antennas
Appendix 5. Polarization of electromagnetic wave 267
Appendix 6. Increase of absorbed energy - SAR 271

Literature 274
Index 276