Solution Thermodynamics and its Application to Aqueous Solutions

As the title suggests, we introduce a novel differential approach to solution. We evaluate the thermodynamic functions. We allow these more advanced systems. We elucidate the molecular processes in solution, to the depth equal to, if not deeper, than that by spectroscopic and other methods. We show that there are three components in the field of non-electrolytes. The boundary between the anomalies in the temperature-composition. Koga line. I-propanol in the ternary aqueous solution, 1-propanol - sample species - H2O. We use it as a sample species on H2O. In this way, we clarified what a hydrophobe, or a hydrophile, and in turn, an amphiphile, does it H2O. We also apply the same methodology to the Hofmeister series. We show that the kosmotropes (salting out, or stabilizing agents) are hydrophobes or hydration centers, and that chaotropes (salting in, or destablizing agents) are hydrophiles.

- A new differential approach to solution thermodynamics
- A particular clear elucidation
- A clear understanding of the effects of hydrophobes, hydrophiles, and amphiphiles to H2O
- A clear understanding of the effects of the H2O in relation to the Hofmeister effect
- A new differential approach to studies in muti-component aqueous solutions

Chapter 0. Introduction

PART A: A Differential Approach is a Solution Thermodynamics

Chapter I. Basics of thermodynamics - Derivatives of Gibbs energy, G

Chapter II. Solution thermodynamics - Use of the second and the third derivatives
of G

Chapter III. Determination of the partial molar quantities

Chapter IV. Fluctuations and partial molar fluctuations - Understanding H2O

PART B: Studies of Aqueous Solutions using the Second and the Third Derivatives of G

Chapter V. Mixing systems in binary aqueous mono-ols

Chapter VI. Mixing systems in aqueous solutions of non-electrolytes


Chapter VII. Effects of non-electrolytes on the molecular organization of H2O: 1-Propanol (1P) probing methodology

Chapter VIII. Effects on ations on the molecular organization of H2O: 1-Propanol (1P) probing methodology

Chapter IX. Interactions in ternary aqueous solutions - General treatment

Chapter X. In closing - Executive summary on the effect of solute on H2O

Appendix A. B-spline vs. manual graphical differentiation

Appendix B. Gibbs-Konovalov correction

Appendix C. Heat capacity anomalies associated with phase transition - Two level
approximation

Appendix D. Freezing point depression

Appendix E. Titration calorimetry with dilute titrant