Speakers and loudspeakers. Construction, operation, applications

A book about the construction, operation and applications of loudspeakers and loudspeakers used in stereo and multi-channel installations (audio, hifi, video). Designed for everyone who is interested in the speaker technique. It is an excellent help for readers who seek professional advice when choosing and buying ready-made speaker sets for stereo or home cinema. It also contains many practical messages useful for students dealing with electroacoustics and hobbyists who intend to build their own loudspeaker sets.

Table of Contents:
INTRODUCTION 10

1. BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT ACOUSTICS 11
1.1. Physical acoustics 11
1.1.1. Sound 11
1.1.2. Phase and run time 14
1.1.3. Deflection 14
1.1.4. Rumbling 16
1.1.5. Sound pressure 16
1.1.6. Wave acoustic impedance 17
1.1.6.1. Radiation of spherical sources - an example of an oscillating sphere 19
1.2. Physiological acoustics 20
1.2.1. Ear 20
1.2.2. Properties of human hearing and isophony 22
1.2.3. The location of the sound source 24
1.2.4. Impact of the sound system on a human being 25
1.3. Psychoacoustics 25

2. DYNAMIC SPEAKERS 27
2.1. Method of operation and construction. 27
2.1.1. Drive system. 27
2.1.1.1. Air gap geometry and fixed BI converter 29
2.1.1.2. Short-circuit coils and Faraday 31 loops
2.1.2. Membrane and its behavior 32
2.1.3. Material for the membrane 34
2.1.4. Resonance frequency 36
2.1.5. Impedance curve 37
2.1.6. Influence of temperature 38
2.2. Power, efficiency and size of the room 40
2.3. Woofers with two vibrating coils 41

3. SPEAKER PARAMETERS 42
3.1. Basic parameters of the speaker 42
3.1.1. Impedance 42
3.1.2. Power, or load capacity 43
3.1.3. Effectiveness 43
3.2. Parameters of Thiele-Smalla 44
3.2.1. Mechanical resonance frequency 46
3.2.2. The mechanical soundness of the 47 speaker
3.2.3. Electricity of the loudspeaker 47
3.2.4. Total goodness of the speaker 47
3.2.5. Equivalent volume (equivalent) 48
3.3. Other parameters of the speaker 48
3.3.1. Mechanical parameters 48
3.3.2. Electrical parameters 49
3.3.3. Parameters of the transducer 50
3.4. Frequency response 53
3.5. Diameter and pitch of the membrane 54
3.6. Partial vibrations (fashion) of the membrane. 55
3.7. Clustering of sound waves 57
3.8. Nonlinear distortion factor 58
3.9. Intermodulation distortions 59
3.10. Speaker behavior during transient playback 59

4. TYPES OF SPEAKERS 62
4.1 .. Conical speaker 62
4.2. Dome speaker 64
4.2.1. Dome speaker with concave dome 66
4.3. Speaker with flat membrane 67
4.4. Horn speaker 69
4.4.1. Calculations for a loudspeaker with an exponential tube 73
4.5. Acoustic lens 75
4.6. Banner speaker 75
4.7. Electrostatic speaker 77
4.8. Manger speaker 78
4.9. AMT speaker - Air Motion Transformer. 80
4.10. DML speaker - Distributed Mode Loudspeaker 82
4.11. Piezoelectric speaker 83
4.12. Ion Speaker, Plasma 84
4.13. Coaxial speaker 85

5. ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 87
5.1. Types of crossovers and their applications 87
5.1.1. Construction of switches 89
5.2. Typology of crossovers and their mode of operation 90
5.3. D'Appolito 91 configuration
5.3.1. Linkwitz 92 filters
5.3.2. D'Appolito 97
5.4. Construction parts of switches 99
5.4.1. Resistors 100
5.4.2. Capacitors 100
5.4.3. Coils 102
5.5. Calculation of electric switches 103
5.5.1. Two-way crossovers - 1, 2, 3 and 4 of 104 order
5.5.1.1. Diagrams of two-way electric switches 108
5.5.1.2. Formulas for calculating two-way electric switches 108
5.5.2. Three-way switches - 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the order of 111
5.5.2.1. Diagrams of three-way electric switches 112
5.5.2.2. Formulas for calculating three-way electric switches 113
5.5.3. Compensation systems 119

6. SPEAKERS HOUSES 122
6.1. Materials for loudspeakers and resonances 122
6.2. Sound attenuation in the housing 125
6.3. The shape of the housing 128
6.4. Types of loudspeaker covers 128
6.5. Enclosure closed 128
6.5.1. Definition of terms 129
6.5.2. Goodness factor "Q" and frequency response of housing 130
6.5.3. Choice of the subwoofer and housing design 131
6.5.4. Determining the size of the housing and relevant parameters 132
6.5.5. Reference efficiency 139
6.5.6. Acoustic power at the maximum deflection of the diaphragm139
6.5.7. Maximum electrical input power 141
6.5.8. Attenuation of the closed housing 141
6.5.9. The use of several woofers 143
6.6. Basrefleks 146 housing
6.6.1. Mode of operation 146
6.6.2. Goodness factor "Q" and frequency response of housing 148
6.6.3. Choosing the right woofer 148
6.6.4. Tuning the speaker-housing combination 148
6.6.5. Determining the size of the housing and relevant parameters 150
6.6.5.1. Loss of the housing 150
6.6.6. Calculation of the volume of the basreflex housing and the length of the tunnel 156
6.6.7. Basreflex tunnel resonance and acoustic coupling with the membrane 159
6.6.8. Accurate tuning of the basrefleks 159 housing
6.6.9. The use of several woofers 160
6.7. Basreflex housing with passive membrane 160
6.7.1. Tuning the combination of speaker and housing 161
6.7.2. Determining the size of the housing and relevant parameters 161
6.7.3. Adjusting the loudspeaker housing and other parameters 163
6.8. TL casing - transmission line 163
6.9. Horn housing 166
6.10. 17bit band pass filter housing
6.11. Configuration of the woofer system Compound 170

7. SPEAKERS MEASUREMENTS 172
7.1. Measure the resonant frequency f _{s of the} speaker 172
7.2. Speaker impedance measurement 173
7.3. Measurement of the equivalent volume V _as 175
7.4. Techniques for measuring the speaker's sound pressure rating 177
7.5. Acoustic system analysis using the Fourier series 181

8. SELF-CONSTRUCTION OF SPEAKER KITS 186
8.1. Selection of speakers 187
8.2. Selection of crossover parameters 191
8.3. The construction of the 191 loudspeaker housing

9. SPEAKERS FOR HOME CINEMA AND PLAYBACK OF OUR MAIN (SURROUND) MUSIC 196
9.1. Comparison of playback in home cinema and hi-fi sets 196
9.2. Speaker systems for home theater playback 199
9.3. Front stereo speakers 200
9.3.1. Requirements for magnetic shielding of speakers 202
9.4. A loudspeaker system for the center channel 203
9.5. Controlled directional characteristic 207
9.6. Rear speakers for surround sound (208)
9.7. Subwoofer 213

10. ROOM ACOUSTICS 215
10.1. Bass playback 215
10.2. Standing waves 217
10.3. Reverberation 217
10.4. The ideal listening room 222

11. HOW TO CHOOSE READY SPEAKER SETS 227
11.1. Selection with the help of professional audio magazines 227
11.1.1. The hitherto classification of "stereoplay" 227
11.1.2. New classification "stereoplay" 228
11.1.2.1. Types of listeners 229
11.1.2.2. Room types 229
11.1.3. The latest classification of "stereoplay" 229
11.2. The choice of speaker sets 230
11.2.1. Independent selection of speaker sets - guide 230
11.3. Selection of speaker cables 231

12. ESTRADE SPEAKER KITS 233
13. CAD COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR DESIGNING HOUSINGS AND SPEAKERS 235
14. HIGH END CLASSIC SPEED GALLERY GALLERY 244
BIBLIOGRAPHY 255
WEBSITES 255