Cisco. Telecommunications technologies

On today's competitive IT job market, knowledge of telecommunications technologies such as DDS, ISDN, T1 / E1, ATM and SONET is extremely important. The book is a guide intended for engineers and directors in the IT industry dealing with WAN connectivity, and its scope includes DDS, ISDN, T1 and other physical media. In addition to an in-depth discussion of the practical applications of each of these technologies, the Telecommunications Technology booklet includes historical information about the way and reasons for designing each of them, as well as analyzes the basic rules governing them. Regardless of whether the reader is an engineer requiring detailed information on the routing of data and voice transfer, a student who wants to get acquainted with the initial analysis of telecommunications resources or a manager wanting to obtain basic information about WAN technology, the Telecommunications Technologies manual provides everyone with all necessary and properly collected information information, and its format makes it easy to find an analysis of a given problem. A complete guide to ITU standards Discusses the signaling methods, SS7 node types and related infrastructure, and explains the configuration? E1 and R1. Analyzes North American T3 circuits and international digital hierarchies, and discusses T1 line encoding, frame formatting scheme and implementation requirements. Explains Frame Relay specifications and development and functions of ATM and broadband ISDN. Presents DOCSIS initialization sequences, configuration and topology. Explanation of protocol issues SMDS interface, configuration, problem solving and data exchange interface (DXI). Analyzes xDSL architectures and coding technologies. Compares in detail with SONET and SDH technologies. Brad Dunsmore is a new products instructor in the Advanced Engineering Services group for Cisco Systems. Develops and deploys network and training solutions for customer service engineers, Cisco® sales engineers, training partners, and customers. Specializes in SS7 solutions and WAN communication methods. Toby Skandier is an educational consultant at Sprint Corporation. Since 1985, he has been a consulting company in the field of personal computer services, runs educational courses for Sprint Corporation and Cisco Systems and develops courses for Sprint and Cisco.

Table of Contents

Introduction (19)
Chapter 1. Analogue communication overview (21)
Introduction to the theory of analog signals (21)
Basic information about analog signals (22)
Amplitude (24)
Wavelength (24)
Frequency (25)
Bandwidth and signal interference (25)
Signal attenuation and noise (26)
Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) (29)
Equipment for analog services (31)
Circuit Tip / Ring (31)
IDLC (34)
GR-303-CORE (36)
Summary (38)
Control questions (38)
Chapter 2. The network of the signaling system 7 (41)
Introduction to the theory of signaling (42)
What is signaling? (42)
Types of SS7 signaling nodes (43)
SSP (43)
STP (47)
SCP (47)
Types of signaling (48)
Associative signaling (49)
Quasi-associative signaling (50)
Uninterrupted signaling (51)
Reasons for developing SS7 signaling (52)
Signaling links and sets of links (53)
Types of links (55)
Point codes (57)
Initial, destination and neighbor initiation codes (57)
Point code format used in North America (58)
The format of the point code set by the ITU (59)
MTP (60)
MTP1 (61)
MTP2 (62)
MTP3 (72)
Protocols for the upper SS7 layer (74)
DUP (74)
TUP (76)
ISUP (79)
Intelligent network (IN) (82)
Functional elements (FE) (82)
Elements of PE (83)
The set of possibilities 1 (CS -1) (85)
Feature set 2 (CS-2) (87)
Expert info: The operation of the local number portability service (LNP) in North America (89)
Portability within the service provider (89)
Scenario: flow of LNP calls (92)
Portability of the location (93)
Portability within services (94)
Bibliography (94)
Feature set 3 (CS-3) (94)
Summary (95)
Control questions (96)
Chapter 3. Analog-digital conversion (99)
Issues related to digital communication (99)
Reasons for developing digital communication (100)
Evolution in digital communications (100)
Improvements in analog communication (101)
Processing of signals (102)
Filtering (104)
Sampling (104)
Quantization (107)
Coding (111)
Alternative solutions for pulse code modulation (PCM) (114)
DPCM (114)
ADPCM (116)
Other modulation systems (117)
Summary (120)
Control questions (120)
Chapter 4. Digital data transmission services using datafones and Switched 56 services (123)
Introduction to DDS services (123)
DDS operation (124)
Using the DDS circuit (124)
DDS Hardware overview (127)
Line coding (130)
SW56 services (135)
Circuit Test Patterns (136)
Configuring the Cisco router for DDS or SW56 services (139)
Summary (140)
Control questions (140)
Chapter 5. T1 technology (143)
Physical characteristics of T1 technology (148)
Line coding schemes in T1 technology (152)
Framing and formatting in T1 technology (156)
Channel bank D1 (157)
Bank of D2 and SF channels (159)
Channels banks D1D and D3 (161)
D4 channel bank (161)
Bank of D5 and ESF channels (161)
Problem solving in T1 technology (163) BERT testing (164)
Errors in T1 circuits (166)
Conditions for indicating alarm situations (168)
Configuration of the T1 controller (169)
T1 hairpin configuration (169)
Summary (171)
Control questions (172)
Chapter 6. E1 system, R2 signaling and Japanese media technology (175)
Introduction to the E1 system (175)
Physical characteristics of the E1 system (176)
Framing E1 (180)
Framing NO-CRC-4 (181)
Framing CRC-4 (182)
E1 line coding (183)
HDB3 line coding (183)
Configuration of the E1 controller (185)
Basic configuration of the E1 controller (185)
Characteristics of R2 signaling (188)
Call control in R2 (189)
Line signaling (190)
Inter-register signaling (192)
R2 configuration on the Cisco E1 controller (196)
JDH (197)
Summary (199)
Control questions (200)
Chapter 7. Technologies T3 and E3 (203)
T3 technology (204)
The evolution of the North American digital hierarchy (204)
Synchronous or asynchronous circuits? (205)
T3 circuits that have been digitalised and not analyzed (206)
Organizing the mess (208)
Possibilities of using (216)
T3 line encoding (217)
Types of framing in T3 technology (217)
Configuration of the sewered T3 interface on Cisco 10000 ESR (220)
E3 technology (222)
The evolution of the international digital hierarchy (222)
Organizing the mess (222)
Structure and operation of the unchecked E3 frame (225)
Interface configuration E3 (228)
Solutions beyond X3 (229)
Summary (230)
Control questions (232)
Chapter 8. Integrated digital services network - ISDN (235)
Introduction to ISDN (235)
ISDN network (236)
Switching circuits (236)
Local loop (238)
Canceling echo (240)
Network interface device (NID) (241)
ISDN reference points (241)
ISDN specifications (242)
ITU Standard Q.921 (243)
Q.931 according to ITU (252)
SS7 and ISDN (264)
BRI (264)
Notes on equipment (265)
Exploitation of the BRI (265)
Possibilities and properties of BRI (266)
BRI ISDN line encoding (268)
BRI anatomy (270)
International headquarters (FX) (272)
Constantly active dynamic ISDN (AO-DI) network (273)
ISDN BRI configuration (274)
Solving difficulties in ISI BRI circuits (276)
PRI (279)
NFAS (280)
Configuration of a PRI connection based on T1 and E1 (281)
Solving difficulties with PRI ISDN (283)
Q.Sig (284)
Summary (284)
Control questions (285)
Chapter 9. Frame Relay (289)
Frame Relay story (290)
Frame Relay development (290)
Standardization organizations and Frame Relay Forum (291)
Frame Relay specifications (294)
Structure specifications (294)
Service description specifications (295)
Specifications of core aspects (296)
Access signaling specifications (296)
FRF implementation agreements (297)
Frame Relay activity (299)
VC (299)
DLCI (300)
Contractual values in Frame Relay (306)
Frame rejection and recovery (308)
Signaling (310)
Frame Relay configuration on Cisco devices (316)
Summary (319)
Control questions (320)
Chapter 10. ATM and broadband ISDN (323)
Development of ATM and broadband ISDN (324)
Standardization bodies and ATM Forum (326)
ATM operation (327)
ATM header components (329)
GFC (330)
VPI (330)
VCI (331)
Cargo type and OAM cells (334)
CLP (337)
HEC (338)
Broadband ISDN and ATM reference model (340)
Physical layer (342)
ATM layer (343)
AAL (343)
QoS (345)
CLR (347)
MaxCTD (348)
CDV Intervale (349)
CER (350)
SECBR (350)
CMR (351)
Traffic parameters (352)
Peak cell number (PCR) (353)
Balanced cell flow factor (SCR) (353)
Maximum impulse size (MBS) / impulse tolerance (BT) (353)
Minimum cell flow rate (MCR) (354)
Maximum frame size (MFS) (354)
CDVT (354)
ATM service classes (356)
CBR (357) rt-VBR (359) nrt-VBR (361)
ABR (362)
UBR (367)
GFR (369)
Traffic management (370)
Virtual scheduling algorithm (372)
Continuous algorithm of a leaky bucket (373)
Other issues related to GCRA (374)
The PCR algorithm (376)
SCR algorithm (376)
Types of AAL (376)
AAL0 (378)
AAL1 (378)
AAL2 (380)
AAL3 / 4 (382)
AAL5 (388)
Expert information: QoS ATM (391)
Definition of the CBR service category (392)
Definition of the rt-VBR service category (392)
Definition of nrt-VBR service categories (392)
Definition of UBR services category (392)
Definition of the ABR service category (393)
Parameters defining the service category QoS (393)
Reference to expert information (393)
Summary (394)
Control questions (395)
Chapter 11. Multi-gigabit data switching service (397)
History of SMDS (398)
Introduction to SMDS (401)
SMDS features (402)
Addressing (402)
Multiple access speeds (402)
Seamless collaboration of network layer protocols (403)
SIP (403)
DQDB (404)
SIP level 3 (411)
SIP level 2 (418)
SIP level 1 (421)
DXI (427)
Framing DXI (428)
Cooperation of SMDS based LAN protocols (430)
SMDS configuration (430)
Solve SMDS problems (432)
Problems related to DXI (432)
Many interfaces in the same group and the problem of pseudo-LAN serial transmission (434)
Departure from SMDS (434)
Summary (435)
Control questions (435)
Chapter 12. DSL (437)
History of DSL (438)
DSL coding technologies (439)
QAM (439)
CAP (440)
DMT (441)
ADSL components (442)
DSL circuit attributes (444)
Noise margin and attenuation (444)
Error correction in advance (446)
Impulse errors (448)
Cyclic errors (449)
Enhancement of coding (449)
Fastpath (450)
Initial matching and framing in DSL modems (450)
Flow Rate Matching Mode Options (451)
Frame modes (451)
Power levels in DSL services (453)
Power cut and power increase (454)
Lattice coding (454)
DSL technologies (455)
Issues related to DSL circuits (459)
Bridge connections (459)
Inductors (459) Interference signals (459)
Radio frequency interference (460)
Crosstalk (460)
Cable length (460)
Cable type and resistance (461)
DSL network architecture (461)
CPE (461)
NAP (462)
NSP (462)
Summary (467)
Source materials and standards (467)
Control questions (467)
Chapter 13. Technology for cable and CATV modems (469)
Cable equipment farm (471)
Hybrid fiber and coaxial cable (HFC) network (473)
Broadcasting points and hubs (475)
International television standards (476)
Frequency allocation (476)
Requirements for the quality of the cable equipment farm (478)
The most common problems related to cable farm (479)
DOCSIS: Standard for cable modems (482)
DOCSIS and Euro-DOCSIS (483)
Types of modulation (483)
Solving problems caused by errors with FEC (485)
Troubleshooting errors caused by interleaving (486)
Framing a group of film experts (MPEG) (487)
Bandwidth for DOCSIS and Euro-DOCSIS (487)
DOCSIS Media Access Control Domains (MAC) (489)
SID and service flow ID (SFID) (490)
Signaling and transmission towards the subscriber (491)
Signaling and transmission from the subscriber with DOCSIS 1.0 (491)
Signaling improvements from the subscriber with DOCSIS 1.1 (492)
Cable modem initialization sequence DOCSIS (494)
Frequency scanning (495)
UCD reception (496)
Power range selection (496)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) request / response (498)
TOD (498)
TFTP (498)
Registration request (499)
Initialization of basic privacy (499)
Readiness for work (maintenance) (499)
Binary DOCSIS configuration files (499)
Configuration file DOCSIS 1.0 (500)
Configuration file DOCSIS 1.1 (502)
Admittance control in the direction of the subscriber (506)
Security and basic privacy (506)
Initialization of basic privacy (507)
Pre-delivered certificates and BPI + (508)
Other security-related issues and properties (508)
CPE CMTS database (510)
Connecting fiber optic nodes (510)
IP cable network topologies (512)
Aggregation architectures in Ethernet (513)
Aggregation architecture Ocx (514)
Architecture DPT / RPR (514)
High-speed optical nucleus (DWDM) (515)
The future of IP cable networks (515)
Summary (516)
Source materials (516)
Control questions (517)
Chapter 14. SONET and SDH (519)
Synchronous communication overview (520)
An integrated time provider in a building (BITS) (522)
Equipment for optical transmissions (523)
PTE (523)
LTE (525)
STE (527)
Other equipment (527)
Comparison of SONET and SDH hierarchies (530)
Multiplexing with byte bytes (530)
Concatenation (531)
SONET (531)
SDH (542)
OAM & P (546)
WDM and DWDM (546)
SONET / SDH applications (547)
Switching the line (549)
Switching path protection (549)
Summary (551)
Control questions (552)
Appendix A. Answers to audit questions (555)
Chapter 1 (555)
Chapter 2 (557)
Chapter 3 (560)
Chapter 4 (562)
Chapter 5 (565)
Chapter 6 (567)
Chapter 7 (568)
Chapter 8 (569)
Chapter 9 (571)
Chapter 10 (573)
Chapter 11 (575)
Chapter 12 (576)
Chapter 13 (577)
Chapter 14 (579)
Appendix B. Code designations of the network signaling area (SANC) (581)
Appendix C. Bibliography (603)
Index (609)