Electronics. From practice to theory. Another experiments

36 illustrated experiments that will explain to you the operation of logic circuits, amplifiers, sensors and many other components.

What do every DIY designer dream about? Of course, about creating a working electronic device that solves daily problems! Do you think that requires a lot of knowledge? Do you think that lack of experience can get in your way? No worries! To succeed, this manual and a little desire are enough.

This book is a continuation of the electronics bestseller. From practice to theory, which has won the hearts of electronics enthusiasts around the world. Here you will find a description of 36 new experiments that will change your life! Find out how to build an automatic lighting controller and how to react to information from various sensors. See how to use relays, logic gates, amplifiers and diodes. A characteristic feature of this book are numerous illustrations presenting the implemented projects. Thanks to them, you will quickly understand what the author meant. Reach for this unique textbook and fulfill your dreams!

Thanks to this book:

• Build an electronic oracle made on the basis of a decoder and a binary counter.
• Create a device for paranormal testing using logic gates NAND, NOR and XNOR.
• Make the circuit of the device that protects you against excessive noise, based on operational amplifiers and capacitors.
• Connect the clock, counter and multiplexer together - create an engaging gambling game.
• Create an electronic version of the game in a circle and a cross - use magnets and reed switches in practice.
• Pseudorandom using incremental encoder and thermistor.

Learn by doing practical projects and have fun!

Table of Contents

• Thanks (XV)
• Introduction (XVII)
• Preparation (XXIII)

Experiment 1. Sticky resistance (1)

• Adhesive based amplifier (1)
  • How it's working? (2)
  • Symbolism (3)
• Note: custom pin configuration (4)
• Context: guides and insulators (4)
• Further modifications (5)

Experiment 2. We come to certain values (7)

• Requirements (7)
• Operation of transistors (7)
  • Note: risk of meter damage (11)
  • Abbreviations and catalog notes (11)
  • And what about tension? (12)
  • Basic knowledge about voltage (15)
• Further modifications: the use of clue meters (16)
• Basic knowledge about transistors (16)
• Answers to the task of calculating voltages (17)

Experiment 3. From light to sound (19)

• Sound wave generator with a frequency dependent on the light intensity (19)

Experiment 4. Light measurement (23)

• Using phototransistors (24)
• Basic information about phototransistors (24)
  • Context: photons and electrons (24)
• Basic information about the 555 system (25)
  • Basic differences between clock circuits built on the basis of CMOS structure and bipolar transistor (28)

Experiment 5. This choking sound (29)

• Further modifications (30)

Experiment 6. Easy switching (33)

• Comparing (33)
  • Basic information about comparators (34)
• Feedback (35)
• Hysteresis (36)
• Symbol (37)
  • Basic facts about pluses and minuses (38)
• Output (38)
  • More basic information about comparators (39)
• Inside the system (40)
• Redraw the diagram (40)
  • Note: inverted comparators (41)
• Comparing with microcontrollers (41)
• Further modifications: laser protection system (42)

Experiment 7. Automatic lamp driver (43)

• Note: Avoid dangerous voltage (43)
• Circuit Basics (44)
  • Second step (45)
  • Circuit testing (46)
  • Details of the relay structure (46)
• Transmission of energy with a capacitor (47)
• Disassembly of the clock (48)
  • Note: do not use AC powered watches (48)
  • Peeking inside the watch (48)
  • The voltage at which the watch works (49)
  • How does it ring? (50)
• Using the buzzer signal (51)
  • Connecting the alarm clock (53)
• How should it work? (54)
• Testing (55)
  • Connecting the lamp to the relay (56)
  • Note: precautions to be taken when working with alternating current (56)
• Further modifications (57)
• What's next? (58)

Experiment 8. Playing with sound (59)

• Strengthening (59)
  • Electret microphone (59)
• Can you hear me? (60)
• Context: trivia related to the microphone (62)
  • Sound turbulence (62)

Experiment 9. From millivolts to volts (65)

• We add a capacitor (65)
• Operational amplifier - introduction (66)
  • What's the difference? (66)
  • Perfect couple (67)
  • Measurement of the output signal (68)

Experiment 10. From sound to light (71)

• Diode-transistor connection (71)

Experiment 11. The need for negative feedback (73)

• Performing measurements (73)
• DC amplification (73)
  • Amplifier input and output signals (75)
  • Calming of electrons (77)
  • Strengthening (78)
• Context: the genesis of negative feedback (79)
  • Exceeding restrictions (79)
• Determining the degree of reinforcement (80)
  • Phase 1: output voltages (81)
  • Phase 2: input voltages (82)
  • Phase 3: drawing a chart (84)
  • Phase 4: gain factor (84)
  • Is the result obtained correct? (85)
• Dividing the difference (86)
• The basics (87)
  • Basic circuits without symmetric power supply (88)
• Basic information about operational amplifiers (89)

Experiment 12. A practical amplifier (91)

• The LM386 system - introduction (91)
  • Amplifier circuit (92)
  • Amplifier Troubleshooting (93)

Experiment 13. Silence! (95)

• Background: Widlara story (95)
• Step by step (95)
  • Detection (96)
  • Will it really work? (96)
  • Context: voltage change (98)
  • Continued noise prevention (100)
  • Power problems (102)
  • Defeat? (103)
  • Only one small thing (104)

Experiment 14. Effective Noise Prevention (105)

• It all depends on time (105)
  • Summary of changes (107)
  • Noise testing (108)
  • Further modifications (109)
• Can it be done with a microcontroller? (110)
• What's next? (110)

Experiment 15. Everything is so logical! (111)

• Experiment 15 - testing telepathy (111)
  • Context: extrasensory perception (111)
  • Preparations (111)
  • Basic knowledge about logic circuits (114)
  • Logic circuits for testing extrasensory perception (115)
  • We connect the circuit (116)
  • Improving the design (117)

Experiment 16. An enhanced extrasensory perception tester (119)

• Are you ready? (119)
  • Fraud detection (120)
  • Failure signaling (120)
• Conflicts (121)
  • We solve the problem (122)
  • We use the diagram (122)
• Optimization (124)
  • We are building a layout (126)
  • Details (128)
  • Differences between digital and analog circuits (129)
  • Further improvement of the circuit (129)
  • Harder than you thought? (129)
  • Can it be done with a microcontroller? (130)

Experiment 17. Let's play! (131)

• Context: probability (131)
  • Context: game theory (132)
• Logic (132)
  • Why did you win? (134)
• Who is cheating? (135)
  • Context: gate arrays (135)

Experiment 18. Time for switches (137)

• Context: XNOR system built from switches (138)
  • Let's get back to the game (138)
  • Notifying which button was pressed (139)
  • Counteracting cheating in the game (141)
  • Tire signaling (143)
  • Circuit construction (144)
  • Execution of the cheat protection circuit (147)
  • Applications (148)

Experiment 19. Decoding telepathy (151)

• Testing the decoder (151)
  • Applying a binary code (154)
  • Placing components on the board (156)
  • Configuration of decoder connectors (158)

Experiment 20. Decoding paper, stone, scissors game (159)

• Logic (160)
  • Specification (161)
  • OR gateway is not available (161)
  • NOR gate (162)
  • Assembly of components on the prototype board (163)
  • Further modifications (167)
  • Coding (168)

Experiment 21. Slot Machine Hot Slot (169)

• Multiplexing (169)
  • Fun with cables (170)
  • Basic information about multiplexers (171)
  • Configuration of multiplexer connectors (172)
  • The use of multiplexer (172)
  • Comparison of analog and digital multiplexers (173)
  • Basic information about different types of multiplexers (174)
• Game design (175)
  • Counting holes (175)
  • Circuit diagram (176)
• Construction of coin openings (179)
  • Circuit testing (179)
• Who is winning? (179)
  • Profitability (180)
  • Why is this happening? (181)
  • Context: alternative versions of the game (182)
• A microcontroller? (183)

Experiment 22. Logic system generating an audio signal (185)

• Context: theremin (185)
• Logic audio system (185)
  • XOR gateway in the audio circuit (185)
  • Mixing (186)

Experiment 23. Puzzle (189)

• Context: British King of the Puzzles (189)
• Moving tokens (189)
  • Game fields (190)
  • The use of logic circuits (191)
  • Ovid's game based on switches (192)
  • Further modifications (193)
  • The solution to the riddle (194)

Experiment 24. Adding (195)

• The Five Principles of the Binary System (195)
  • From bits to states (196)
  • Context: alternative use of the NAND gate (199)
• Your own small adder (200)
  • Adding a prototype board (200)

Experiment 25. Expansion of the adder (203)

• Return of the decoder (203)
• Switches in a double-row double housing (204)
  • Entering the encoder (205)
• Other coder features (206)
  • Context: the power of binary numbers (206)
  • Context: creating your own encoder (207)
• Further modifications: other ways of entering data (208)
  • Can we build this circuit based on switches? (208)
• Further modifications: binary adder made on the basis of switches (208)
  • Creating a table (210)
  • Button specifications (210)
• Further modifications: other options (211)

Experiment 26. Movable rings (213)

• Demonstration of the ring counter operation (213)
  • Note: clock system incompatibility (213)
  • Annoying pin assignment (213)
  • The basics of goldpins (215)
  • Basic information about ring counters (216)
• Creating a game (217)
  • Additional features (218)
  • Playability (220)
• Further modifications (221)
• A microcontroller? (222)

Experiment 27. Bitwise shifting (223)

• No knocking (223)
  • Specificity (223)
• Demonstration of the shift register (225)
  • Basic information about shift registers (226)
  • Configuration of connectors (227)
• Context: bitstreams (227)
  • Modern application (228)

Experiment 28. The Oracle (229)

• Heksagramy (229)
  • Display (230)
  • Continuous and dotted lines (230)
  • Numbers (231)
  • Random sampling (232)
  • Appearance and touch (234)
  • Details (235)
  • Panels or LEDs (235)
  • Assembly of the oracle system on the prototype board (237)
  • Assembly and testing (240)
  • Use of the oracle (241)
• Housing (242)

Experiment 29. Popular sensors (243)

• Small magnetic switch (243)
  • Reed relay testing (244)
  • How it's working? (245)
• Level sensor (245)
  • Fuel gauge (246)
  • Basic information about reed switches (247)
  • Easy replacement (248)
  • Reed switch installation (248)
• Context: magnetic polarization (248)
  • Types and sources of magnets (249)
  • Magnet shapes (249)
  • Further modifications: eddy currents (251)
• Note: magnetic threats (252)

Experiment 30. Hidden sensors (253)

• Hallotron testing (253)
  • Applications (255)
• Basic information about hallotrons (256)
  • Hallotron types (256)
  • Application of sensors (257)
• Further modifications: miniature ball game (258)
  • Tubing bending (259)
  • Electronics detecting the movement of balls (260)

Experiment 31. Optoelectronics (261)

• Active light-sensitive sensors (261)
  • Note: slow wear of the sensor (263)
• Numbers (263)
  • Testing the infrared sensor (263)
  • Testing an LED emitting infrared radiation (265)
  • Testing of phototransistor (265)
  • Testing the logic (266)
  • Options (266)
  • Basics for optical transmission sensors (267)
• Improved coin openings (267)
  • Will the project work in practice? (267)
  • Scheme (270)
  • Prototype board (271)
• Housing with coin openings (272)

Experiment 32: Enhancing Ovid's Game (277)

• Application of logic circuits (277)
  • Switching (278)
  • Problems related to the magnetic field (279)
• Further modifications: use of the microcontroller (280)

Experiment 33. Rotation reading (283)

• What is an incremental encoder? (283)
  • Specification (283)
  • Pulse train (284)
  • Note: mildly made copies (284)
• Inside the encoder (285)
• Application of encoders (285)
• This may be accidental (286)
  • A rotating decision (287)
  • Rotating Dodges (288)
• Real draw (290)

Experiment 34. Sensors of environmental conditions (291)

• Clock circuit controlling the operation of another clock system (291)
  • Temperature control (292)
  • Random factors (293)
  • Automation of the drawing circuit (293)
  • Context: decreasing the scope of the counter (294)
  • Speed adjustment (295)
• Basic information about thermistors (296)
  • Even more random thermistor work (296)
• Humidity sensor (297)
  • Controlling with humidity (297)
• Accelerometer (297)
• Touch sensor (298)
• Empirical issues (299)
  • How random is randomness? (299)

Experiment 35. Shift register with linear feedback (301)

• We are familiar with the shift register with linear feedback (301)
  • Basic information about LFSR (304)
  • Moving the register as seen from close up (304)
  • Problem with zeros (304)
  • The need for uniqueness (305)
  • Note: the specificity of the XNOR gate (308)
  • Conducting the test (308)
  • Singles and zeros (310)
  • Distribution problem (311)
  • Skipping the number 254 (311)
  • Splitting the clock input signal (312)
  • Any other options? (313)
• Grain (313)
• Further modifications: other games and other numbers (313)
• Further modifications: randomness and microcontrollers (316)

Experiment 36. A device for testing one extrasensory ESP (317)

• Last logic diagrams (317)
  • Let's look at the second part of the circuit (318)
  • Logic circuits (319)
  • Ready signal (320)
  • Start generating sequence from random number (320)
  • Two more XOR goals (320)
  • It all depends on the clocks (321)
• Counting each sample (323)
  • The executive scheme of the second part of the circuit (324)
  • Tester testing (326)
• How extrasensory perception is unlikely? (326)
  • Possibilities of a triangle (328)
  • Probability according to John Walker (328)

Chapter 37. Is this the end? (331)

• Bibliography (333)
• Buying components (335)
• Index (363)